SUMMARY: CHAIN MAILS CONTRAOFFENSIVE Chain mails are typical pro-Kremlin propaganda tool in Central and Eastern Europe. 01 Nevertheless, Estonians and Lithuanians who received chain emails are more likely than others to report that the main topic of these emails is NOT a support for Russia but for Ukraine during the war in Ukraine. This fact suggests that there may be some kind of succesful counter-offensive email 02 campaign against Russian propaganda in these countries as their population say moreoftenthat contributing factor of disinformation are foreign actors. 24